AP-523
E
28
R
2
V
V
TT
R
1
V
REF
I
S
I
REF
SS
Figure 24. Generating V
REF
Equation 15. Resistor Tolerance Analysis
V
V
REF
=
≈
1
5 7575
.
000060
.
1 7575 11485
.
0 99
.
.
.
Since the target of 2/3 of V
TT
is 1.00V, this setting is
within 0.97% of the 2/3 point and satisfies the 2%
specification. The other corners can be easily verified by
the reader through the use of a spreadsheet program. V
TT
can also be varied over its tolerance range, but this effect
is minimal.
These values chosen for R
1
and R
2
have additional
benefits. The parallel combination terminates the V
REF
line to 50 ohms, and both are standard values of resistors
which should benefit their cost.
V
REF
should be decoupled with a 0.001
m
F capacitor to
V
SS
located at each V
REF
input and at the voltage divider.
At the voltage dividers, V
REF
can also be decoupled with
a 0.001
m
F capacitor to V
TT
to further enhance the ability
for V
REF
to track V
TT
. The actual benefit of this
controversial.
When routing V
REF
to the loads, use a 30-50 mil trace
(The wider the better) and keep all other signals at least
20 mils away from the V
REF
trace. This will provide a
low impedance line without the cost of an additional
plane or island.
Finally, if generating V
REF
at the voltage regulators, both
V
REF
levels should be tied together in order to provide an
automatic averaging across all devices to match the
natural averaging that occurs between the two regulators
over the GTL+ bus signals. If possible, use a separate
layer from the GTL+ signal layers and follow the path of
the bus signals. This will provide the best averaging
effect.
7.5.
Component Models
Component models should be acquired from the
manufacturers. Intel can not guarantee the specifications
of another manufacturer’s components. This section
contains some of the models that Intel has developed for
its simulations. The Pentium Pro processor model can be
found in Section 11.
Table 5. Various Component Models Used at Intel (Not Vendor Specifications)
Component of Simulation
ESR
(
W
)
ESL
(nH)
ESL+
Trace +
Via (nH)
0.1
m
F Ceramic 0603 package
0.100
1.60
3.0
1.0
m
F Ceramic 1206 package
0.120
0.47
1.9
100
m
F MLC (2.05”x0.71”)
0.005
0.30
1.7
47
m
F, 16V Tantalum D Case
0.100
0.602
2.0
330
m
F, 16V Aluminum Electrolytic
0.143
2.37
3.8
1000
m
F, 10V Aluminum Electrolytic (20mm)
0.053
N/A
N/A
1000
m
F, 25V Aluminum Electrolytic (25mm)
0.031
N/A
N/A
L
. One used for V
, one for V
P. This estimate
accommodates traces to vias, planes and the socket
connections to the plane.
0.000
0.40
N/A