AD9522-3
Rev. 0 | Page 34 of 84
Charge Pump (CP)
The charge pump is controlled by the PFD. The PFD monitors
the phase and frequency relationship between its two inputs and
tells the CP to pump up or pump down to charge or discharge the
integrating node (part of the loop filter). The integrated and
filtered CP current is transformed into a voltage that drives the
tuning node of the internal VCO through the LF pin (or the
tuning pin of an external VCO) to move the VCO frequency up
or down. The CP can be set (0x010[3:2]) for high impedance
(allows holdover operation), for normal operation (attempts to
lock the PLL loop), for pump-up, or for pump-down (test modes).
The CP current is programmable in eight steps from (nominally)
0.6 mA to 4.8 mA. The exact value of the CP current LSB is set
by the CPRSET resistor, which is nominally 5.1 kΩ.
On-Chip VCO
The AD9522 includes an on-chip VCO covering the frequency
range shown in
Table 2. Achieving low VCO phase noise was a
priority in the design of the VCO.
To tune over the wide range of frequencies covered by this
VCO, tuning ranges are used. The calibration procedure selects
the correct range for the desired VCO frequency. See the
VCOThe on-chip VCO is powered by an on-chip, low dropout (LDO),
linear voltage regulator. The LDO provides some isolation of
the VCO from variations in the power supply voltage level.
The BYPASS pin should be connected to ground by a 220 nF
capacitor to ensure stability. This LDO employs the same
technology used in the anyCAP line of regulators from Analog
Devices, Inc., making it insensitive to the type of capacitor used.
Driving an external load from the BYPASS pin is not supported.
When using an external VCO/VCXO, the BYPASS and LF pins
should be left floating. This configuration is shown in
Figure 42.
PLL External Loop Filter
When using the internal VCO, the external loop filter should be
referenced to the BYPASS pin for optimal noise and spurious
performance. An example of an external loop filter for a PLL
that uses the internal VCO is shown in
Figure 41. A loop filter
must be calculated for each desired PLL configuration. The values
of the components depend upon the VCO frequency, the KVCO,
the PFD frequency, the CP current, the desired loop bandwidth,
and the desired phase margin. The loop filter affects the phase
noise, the loop settling time, and the loop stability. A basic
knowledge of PLL theory is helpful for understanding loop filter
design. ADIsimCLK can help with the calculation of a loop
filter according to the application requirements.
When using an external VCO, the external loop filter should be
referenced to ground. An example of an external loop filter for a
PLL using an external VCO is shown in
Figure 42.
LF
VCO
CHARGE
PUMP
CP
BYPASS
C1
C2
C3
R1
R2
CBP = 220nF
AD9522
0
72
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Figure 41. Example of External Loop Filter for a PLL Using the Internal VCO
CLK/CLK
EXTERNAL
VCO/VCXO
CHARGE
PUMP
CP
C1
C2
C3
R1
R2
AD9522
072
24
-26
5
Figure 42. Example of External Loop Filter for a PLL Using an External VCO
PLL Reference Inputs
The AD9522 features a flexible PLL reference input circuit that
allows a fully differential input, two separate single-ended inputs,
or a 16.67 MHz to 33.33 MHz crystal oscillator with an on-chip
maintaining amplifier. An optional reference clock doubler
can be used to double the PLL reference frequency. The input
frequency range for the reference inputs is specified in
Table 2.
Both the differential and the single-ended inputs are self-biased,
allowing for easy ac coupling of input signals.
Either a differential or a single-ended reference must be specifically
enabled. All PLL reference inputs are off by default.
The differential input and the single-ended inputs share two pins,
REFIN (REF1) and REFIN (REF2). The desired reference input
type is selected and controlled by 0x01C (see
and
).
When the differential reference input is selected, the self-bias
level of the two sides is offset slightly to prevent chattering of
the input buffer when the reference is slow or missing. The
specification for this voltage level can be found in
Table 2.
The input hysteresis increases the voltage swing required of
the driver to overcome the offset.
The single-ended inputs can be driven by either a dc-coupled
CMOS level signal or an ac-coupled sine wave or square wave.
To avoid input buffer chatter when a single-ended, ac-coupled
input signal stops toggling, the user can set 0x018[7] to 1b. This
shifts the dc offset bias point down 140 mV. To increase isolation
and reduce power, each single-ended input can be independently
powered down.
The differential reference input receiver is powered down when
it is not selected or when the PLL is powered down. The single-
ended buffers power down when the PLL is powered down or
when their respective individual power-down registers are set.
When the differential mode is selected, the single-ended inputs
are powered down.