
XRT7250
DS3/E3 FRAMER IC
á
REV. 1.1.1
186
The Transmit DS3 LIU Interface block and the associ-
ated LIU embed and combine the data and clocking
information into the line signal that is transmitted to
the remote terminal equipment. The remote terminal
equipment has the task of recovering this data and
timing information from the incoming DS3 data
stream. Most clock and data recovery schemes rely
on the use of Phase-Locked-Loop technology. One of
the problems of using Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL)
technology for clock recovery is that it relies on transi-
tions in the line signal, in order to maintain lock with
the incoming DS3 data-stream. Therefore, these
clock recovery scheme, are vulnerable to the occur-
rence of a long stream of consecutive zeros (e.g., no
transitions in the line). This scenario can cause the
PLL to lose lock with the incoming DS3 data, thereby
causing the clock and data recovery process of the
receiver to fail. Therefore, some approach is needed
to insure that such a long string of consecutive zeros
can never happen. One such technique is B3ZS (or
Bipolar 3 Zero Substitution) encoding.
In general the B3ZS line code behaves just like AMI
with the exception of the case when a long string of
consecutive zeros occurs on the line. Any 3 consecu-
tive zeros will be replaced with either a 00V or a B0V
where B refers to a Bipolar pulse (e.g., a pulse with a
polarity that is compliant with the alternating polarity
scheme of the AMI coding rule). And V refers to a Bi-
polar Violation pulse (e.g., a pulse with a polarity that
violates the alternating polarity scheme of AMI.) The
decision between inserting an 00V or a B0V is made
to insure that an odd number of Bipolar (B) pulses ex-
ist between any two Bipolar Violation (V) pulses. The
Receive DS3 Framer, when operating with the B3ZS
Line Code is responsible for decoding the B3ZS-en-
coded data back into a unipolar (binary-format). For
instance, if the Receive DS3 Framer detects a 00V or
a B0V pattern in the incoming pattern, the Receive
DS3 Framer will replace it with three consecutive ze-
ros.
Figure 77 presents a timing diagram that illus-
trates examples of B3ZS decoding.
4.3.1.2.3
Line Code Violations
The Receive DS3 LIU Interface block will also check
the incoming DS3 data stream for line code viola-
tions. For example, when the Receive DS3 LIU Inter-
face block detects a valid bipolar violation (e.g., in
B3ZS line code), it will substitute three zeros into the
binary data stream. However, if the bipolar violation
is invalid, then an LCV (Line Code Violation) is
flagged and the PMON LCV Event Count Register
(Address = 0x50 and 0x51) will also be incremented.
Additionally, the LCV-One Second Accumulation Reg-
isters (Address = 0x6E and 0x6F) will be increment-
ed. For example: If the incoming DS3 data is B3ZS
encoded, the Receive DS3 LIU Interface block will al-
so increment the LCV One Second Accumulation
Register if three (or more) consecutive zeros are re-
ceived.
4.3.1.2.4
RxLineClk Clock Edge Selection
The incoming unipolar or bipolar data, applied to the
RxPOS and the RxNEG input pins are clocked into
the Receive DS3 LIU Interface block via the RxLi-
neClk signal. The Framer IC allows the user to spec-
ify which edge (e.g, rising or falling) of the RxLineClk
signal will sample and latch the signal at the RxPOS
and RxNEG input signals into the Framer IC. This
feature was included in the XRT7250 design in order
to insure that the user can always meet the RxPOS
and RxNEG to RxLineClk set-up and hold time re-
quirements. The user can make this selection by
writing the appropriate data to bit 1 of the I/O Control
Register, as depicted below.
FIGURE 77. ILLUSTRATION OF TWO EXAMPLES OF B3ZS DECODING
Data
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
RxPOS
RxNEG
0 0
V
Line Signal
B
0 V