
AN-23
A
7/99
8
Step 14.
Recalculate D
MAX
 for continuous mode of operation from
V
MIN
 and V
OR
.
 Start continuous mode design.
 Recalculate D
MAX 
as:
D
V
+
V
V
MAX
OR
OR
MIN
=
Step 15.
Calculate K
RP
 from V
MIN
, P
O
, 
η
, I
P
, and D
MAX
.
 K
 is the ratio between the primary ripple current I
R
 and
primary peak current I
P
. And I
P
 is 90% of minimum I
LIMIT
.
 From AN-16,     
I
I
K
D
P
AVG
)
RP
2
MAX
=
×
(
1
      and      
I
P
V
AVG
O
MIN
=
×
η
 By combining the above equations, K
RP
 can be expressed as:
K
I
D
D
V
V
P
I
RP
P
MAX
MIN
O
P
MAX
MIN
=
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
2
(
)
η
η
Step 16A, B, C.
Check K
RP
 against 0.6.
 K
RP
≥
 0.6, go to Step 17B.
 K
RP
 < 0.6, set K
RP
 = 0.6.
- Recalculate D
MAX
 using Step 15 equation.
- Recalculate V
 using Step 14 equation.
- If V
OR
 < 150 V, go to Step 17B.
- If V
 > 150 V, go back to Step 7and select higher
current 
TinySwitch
.
Step 17A, B.
Calculate primary inductance L
P
.
 Discontinuous mode:
L
P
I
f
Z
P
O
P
S
=
×
×
×
×
×
×
η
+
10
1
0 9
.
1
2
1
6
2
(
)
η
η
 Continuous mode:
L
P
K
K
I
f
Z
P
O
RP
RP
2
P
S
=
×
×
)
×
×
×
×
×
η
+
10
1
1
.
0 9
1
6
2
(
(
)
η
η
 I
 is 90% of minimum I
 from 
TinySwitch
 data sheet as
previously defined in Step 8.
 f
 is minimum switching frequency from 
TinySwitch
 data
sheet.
 Please note the cancellation effect between the over
temperature variations of I
P
 and f
S
 resulting in the additional
1/0.9 term.
 Z is loss allocation factor. If Z = 0, all losses are on the
primary side. If Z = 1, all losses are on the secondary side.
 Since output diode loss and clamp/snubber loss are both
secondary losses, Z = 1 is a reasonable starting point.
Step 18.
Design Transformer.
 Calculate turns ratio N
P
/N
S:
N
N
V
V
V
P
S
OR
+
O
D
=
 Selecting core and bobbin
- With triple insulated secondary wire and no margin
winding, EE16 core is suitable for most 
TinySwitch
applications.
- To accommodate margin winding, EEL16 core must be
used.
- In below 2 W and/or space constrained applications,
EE13 or EF13 cores with special bobbin meeting safety
requirements may be used.
 Calculate primary and secondary number of turns for peak
flux density (B
) not to exceed 3000 gauss.  
Limit B
P
to 2500 gauss for low audio noise designs.
  Use the
lowest practical value of B
 for the greatest reduction in
auido noise.  See AN-24 for additional information.
 Calculate primary number of turns (N
P
)
N
I
L
×
B
A
P
P
P
e
=
× ′ ×
100
where I
’
P
 equals to maximum I
LIMIT