
A
7/99
AN-23
7
I
I
P
LIMIT
=
×
0 9
minimum 
 Calculate maximum duty cycle D
MAX
 for discontinuous
mode of operation as:
D
P
V
I
MAX
O
×
MIN
P
=
×
×
2
η
Step 9.
Calculate K
DP
 from V
MIN
, V
OR
 and D
MAX
.
 KDP is the ratio between the off-time of the switch and the
reset time of the core:
K
V
D
V
D
DP
OR
MAX
MIN
MAX
=
×
×
(
)
1
Step 10, 11A, 11B, 12, 13A, 13B.
Check K
DP
 to ensure discontinuous mode of operation.
Raise V
OR
 if necessary.
The mode of operation can vary depending on power supply
requirements.  However, discontinuous mode of operation is
always recommended wherever it is possible.
 With discontinuous mode of operation, generally, the output
filter is smaller, output rectifier is cheaper with PN junction
diode, EMI and video noise are lower.
 Fully discontinuous mode of operation (discontinuous under
all conditions) may be necessary in some applications to
meet specific requirements such as very low video noise,
very low output ripple voltage. Use of RC snubber, and/or
PN junction diode as output rectifier also demand fully
discontinuous mode of operation. This can be accomplished
by raising V
 higher if necessary until K
≥
 (1- D
)/(0.67
- D
). To keep the worst case DRAIN voltage below the
recommended level of 650 V, V
OR
 should be kept below
150V.
 Mostly discontinuous mode of operation (K
≥
 1 )  refers to
a design operating in discontinuous mode under most
situations, but do have the possibility of operating in
continuous mode occasionally.
 Continuous mode operation (K
< 1 ) provides higher
output power. In this mode a Schottky output diode should
be used to prevent long diode reverse recovery times that
could exceed leading edge blanking period (t
LEB
).
Step 10.
Check for fully discontinuous operation.
 K
≥
 (1- D
)/(0.67 - D
MAX
): Fully discontinuous.
Go to Step 17A.
 K
 < (1- D
)/(0.67 - D
MAX
):
Go to Step 11.
 0.67 is the reciprocal of the percentage of duty cycle relaxation
caused by various parameters such as the tolerance in
TinySwitch
 current limit and frequency.
Step 11A, B.
Determine if fully discontinuous is necessary.
 If yes, set K
 = (1- D
MAX
)/(0.67 - D
MAX
).
Recalculate V
OR
 as
V
K
V
D
D
OR
DP
MIN
MAX
MAX
=
×
1
×
- If V
OR
 < 150 V, go to Step 17A.
- If V
 > 150 V, go back to Step 7 and select higher
current 
TinySwitch
.
 If not, go to Step 12.
Step 12.
Check for mostly discontinuous.
 K
DP
≥
 1. Operation is mostly discontinuous. Go to Step 17A.
 K
DP
 < 1. Go to Step 13.
Step 13A, B.
Determine if continuous is acceptable for the application.
 If yes, go to Step 14.
 If not, set K
DP
 = 1. Recalculate V
OR
 as:
V
K
V
D
D
OR
DP
MIN
MAX
MAX
=
×
1
×
- If V
OR
 < 150 V, go to Step 17A.
- If V
 > 150 V, go back to Step 7 and select higher
current 
TinySwitch
.