AD9877
Rev. B | Page 24 of 36
TRANSMIT PATH (Tx)
tSU
tHD
MCLK
TxSYNC
TxIQ
TxI[11:6]
TxI[5:0]
TxQ[11:6]
TxQ[5:0]
TxI[11:6]
TxI[5:0]
TxQ[11:6]
TxQ[5:0]
TxI[11:6]
TxI[5:0]
02716-026
Figure 26. Transmit Timing Diagram
TRANSMIT TIMING
The AD9877 provides a master clock, MCLK, and expects 6-bit
multiplexed TxIQ data upon each rising edge. Transmit
symbols are framed with the TxSYNC input. TxSYNC high
indicates the start of a transmit symbol. Four consecutive 6-bit
data packages form a symbol (I MSB, I LSB, Q MSB, and Q LSB).
DATA ASSEMBLER
The input data stream is representative complex data. Two 6-bit
words form a 12-bit symbol component (twos complement
format). Four input samples are required to produce one I/Q
data pair. The I/Q sample rate, fIQCLK, at the input to the first
half-band filter is a quarter of the input data rate, fMCLK.
The I/Q sample rate, fIQCLK, puts a bandwidth limit on the
maximum transmit spectrum. This is the familiar Nyquist limit
and is equal to one-half fIQCLK, hereafter referred to as fNYQ.
HALF-BAND FILTERS (HBFs)
HBF 1 and HBF 2 are both interpolating filters, each of which
doubles the sampling rate. Together, HBF 1 and HBF 2 have
26 taps and provide a factor of 4 increase in the sampling rate
(4 × fIQCLK or 8 × fNYQ).
In relation to phase response, both HBFs are linear phase filters.
As such, virtually no phase distortion is introduced within the
pass band of the filters. This is an important feature, because
phase distortion is generally intolerable in a data transmission
system.
CASCADED INTEGRATOR-COMB (CIC) FILTER
A CIC filter is unlike a typical FIR filter in that it offers the
flexibility to handle differing input and output sample rates in
any integer ratios. In the AD9877, the CIC filter is configured as
a programmable interpolator and provides a sample rate
increase by a factor of R = 3 or R = 4. In addition to the ability
to provide a change in the sample rate between the input and
output, a CIC filter has an intrinsic low-pass frequency response
characteristic.
The frequency response of a CIC filter is dependent on three
factors:
The rate change ratio, R.
The order of the filter, n.
The number of unit delays per stage, m.
It can be shown that the system function H(z) of a CIC filter is
given by
n
Rm
k
Rm
z
R
z
R
Hz
=
=
∑
=
1
0
1
The form on the far right has the advantage of providing a
result for z = 1 (corresponding to zero frequency or dc). The
alternate form yields an indeterminate form (0/0) for z = 1, but
is otherwise identical. The only variable parameter for the CIC
filter of the AD9877 is R; m and n are fixed at 1 and 3,
respectively. Thus, the CIC system function for the AD9877
simplifies to
3
1
0
3
1
=
=
∑
=
Rm
k
R
z
R
z
R
Hz
The transfer function is given by
()
3
)
2
(
/
2
sin
1
π
=
=
π
π
f
fR
R
e
R
f
H
f
j
R
j
The frequency response in this form is such that f is scaled to
the output sample rate of the CIC filter. That is, f = 1
corresponds to the frequency of the output sample rate of the
CIC filter. H(z) yields the frequency response with respect to
the input sample of the CIC filter.