AD9523-1
Rev. B | Page 24 of 60
Input 2× Frequency Multiplier
The 2× frequency multiplier provides the option to double the
frequency at the PLL2 input. This allows the user to take advantage
of a higher frequency at the input to the PLL (PFD) and, thus,
allows for reduced in-band phase noise and greater separation
between the frequency generated by the PLL and the modulation
spur associated with PFD. However, increased reference spur
separation results in harmonic spurs, introduced by the frequency
multiplier, that increase as the duty cycle deviates from 50% at the
OSC_IN inputs. As such, beneficial use of the frequency multiplier
is application-specific. Typically, a VCXO with proper interfacing
has a duty cycle that is approximately 50% at the OSC_IN inputs.
Note that the maximum output frequency of the 2× frequency
multipliers must not exceed the maximum PFD rate that is
PLL2 Feedback Divider
PLL2 has a feedback divider (N divider) that enables it to provide
integer frequency up-conversion. The PLL2 N divider is a com-
bination of a prescaler (P) and two counters, A and B.
The total
divider value is
N = (P × B) + A
where P = 4.
The feedback divider is a dual modulus prescaler architecture, with
a nonprogrammable P that is equal to 4. The value of the B counter
can be from 3 to 63, and the value of the A counter can be from 0 to 3.
However, due to the architecture of the divider, there are constraints,
as listed in
PLL2 Loop Filter
The PLL2 loop filter requires the connection of an external
capacitor from LF2_EXT_CAP (Pin 11) to LDO_VCO (Pin 12),
as illustrated in
Figure 27. The value of the external capacitor
depends on the operating mode and the desired phase noise
performance. For example, a loop bandwidth of approximately
500 kHz produces the lowest integrated jitter. A lower bandwidth
produces lower phase noise at 1 MHz but increases the total
integrated jitter.
Table 20. PLL2 Loop Filter Programmable Values
RZERO
(Ω)
CPOLE1
(pF)
RPOLE2
(Ω)
CPOLE2
(pF)
(pF)
3250
48
900
Fixed at 16
Typical at 1000
3000
40
450
2750
32
300
2500
24
225
2250
16
2100
8
2000
0
1850
1 External loop filter capacitor.
VCO Divider M1 and VCO Divider M2
The VCO dividers provide frequency division between the internal
VCO and the clock distribution. Each VCO divider can be set to
divide by 3, 4, or 5. When the AD9523-1 is used without any
zero delay feedback (internal or external), the phase relationship
between the reference inputs and the outputs is a function of
the phase relationship between the OSC input and the reference
inputs. Because the VCO divider is not reset by SYNC, there is
an additional phase variability of up to x VCO periods, where
x = VCO divider setting.
VCO Calibration
The AD9523-1 on-chip VCO must be manually calibrated to
ensure proper operation over process and temperature. This is
accomplished by setting the calibrate VCO bit (Register 0x0F3,
Bit 1) to 1. (This bit is not self-clearing.) The setting can be
performed as part of the initial setup before executing the
IO_Update bit (Register 0x234, Bit 0 = 1). A readback bit, VCO
calibration in progress (Register 0x22D, Bit 0), indicates when
a VCO calibration is in progress by returning a logic true (that is,
Bit 0 = 1). If the EEPROM is in use, setting the calibrate VCO bit
to 1 before saving the register settings to the EEPROM ensures
that the VCO calibrates automatically after the EEPROM has
loaded. After calibration, it is recommended that a sync be initiated
Note that the calibrate VCO bit defaults to 0. This bit must
change from 0 to 1 to initiate a calibration sequence. Therefore,
any subsequent calibrations require the following sequence:
1.
Register 0x0F3, Bit 1 (calibrate VCO bit) = 0
2.
Register 0x234, Bit 0 (IO_Update bit) = 1
3.
Register 0x0F3, Bit 1 (calibrate VCO bit) = 1
4.
Register 0x234, Bit 0 (IO_Update bit) = 1
VCO calibration is controlled by a calibration controller that
runs off the VCXO input clock. The calibration requires that
PLL2 be set up properly to lock the PLL2 loop and that the
VCXO clock be present.
During power-up or reset, the distribution section is automatically
held in sync until the first VCO calibration is finished. Therefore,
no outputs can occur until VCO calibration is complete and PLL2
is locked.
Initiate a VCO calibration under the following conditions:
After changing any of the PLL2 B counter and A counter
settings or after a change in the PLL2 reference clock
frequency. This means that a VCO calibration should be
initiated any time that a PLL2 register or reference clock
changes such that a different VCO frequency is the result.
Whenever system calibration is desired. The VCO is designed
to operate properly over extremes of temperature even
when it is first calibrated at the opposite extreme. However,
a VCO calibration can be initiated at any time, if desired.