OP279
–13–
REV. D
gain HP/LP stages. In this 2-way example, the LO signal is
a dc-500 Hz LP woofer output, and the HI signal is the HP
(> 500 Hz) tweeter output. U1B forms a MFB LP section at
500 Hz, while U1A provides a SK HP section, covering fre-
quencies
≥
500 Hz.
V
IN
3
2
1
U1A
OP279
+V
S
4
–V
S
R1
31.6k
V
C1
0.01
m
F
C2
0.01
m
F
R2
31.6k
V
R5
31.6k
V
R6
31.6k
V
R4
49.9
V
HI
LO
500Hz AND UP
DC – 500Hz
6
5
7
C3
0.01
m
F
U1B
OP279
C4
0.02
m
F
R7
15.8k
V
R3
49.9
V
0.1
m
F
0.1
m
F
100
m
F/25V
100
m
F/25V
+V
S
–V
S
TO U1
+5V
–5V
COM
Figure 39. Two-Way Active Crossover Networks
T his crossover network is a Linkwitz-Riley type
(see Reference
5), with a damping factor or
α
of 2 (also referred to as
“Butterworth squared”). A hallmark of the Linkwitz-Riley type
of filter is the fact that the summed magnitude response is flat
across the pass band. A necessary condition for this to happen
is the relative signal polarity of the HI output must be inverted
with respect to the LOW outputs. If only SK filter sections
were used, this requires that the connections to one speaker be
reversed on installation. Alternately, with one inverting stage
used in the LO channel, this accomplishes the same effect. In
the circuit as shown, stage U1B is the MFB LP filter which
provides the necessary polarity inversion. Like the SK sections,
it is configured for unity gain and an
α
of 2. T he cutoff fre-
quency is 500 Hz, which complements the SK HP section of
U4.
In the filter sections, component values have been selected for
good balance between reasonable physical/electrical size, and
lowest noise and distortion. DC offset errors can be minimized
by using dc compensation in the feedback and bias paths, ac
bypassed with capacitors for low noise. Also, since the network
input is reactive, it should driven from a directly coupled low
impedance source at V
IN
.
Figure 40 shows this filter architecture adapted for single supply
operation from a 5 V dc source, along the lines discussed
previously.
Gain of this filter, H, is set here by resistors R2 and R1 (as in a
standard op amp inverter), and can be just as precise as these
resistors allow at low frequencies. Because of this flexible and
accurate gain characteristic, plus a low range of component
value spread, this filter is perhaps the most practical of all the
MFB types. Capacitor ratios are best satisfied by paralleling
two or more common types, as in the example, which is a 1 kHz
unity gain Butterworth filter.
Bandpass Configurations
T he MFB bandpass filter using an OP279 section is shown in
Figure 38. T his filter provides reasonably stable medium Q
designs for frequencies of up to a few kHz. For best predictabil-
ity and stability, operation should be restricted to applications
where the OP279 has an open-loop gain in excess of 2Q
2
at the
filter center frequency.
7
6
5
R = R3
0.1
m
F
Z
b
GIVEN:
Q, F, AND A
(PASSBAND GAIN)
ALPHA = 1/Q, H = A
O
/Q
PICK A STD C1 VALUE, THEN:
C2 = C1
R1 = 1/(H*(2*PI*F*C1))
R2 = 1/(((2*Q) –H)*(2*PI*F*C1))
R3 = Q/(PI*F*C1)
EXAMPLE: 60Hz, Q = 10,
A
O
= 10 (OR 1)
A
O
= 1 FOR '( )' VALUES
IN
R2
1.4k
V
(1.33k
V
)
OUT
U1B
OP279
R3
530k
V
C2
0.1
m
F
C1
0.1
m
F
R1
26.4k
V
(264k
V
)
Figure 38. Two-Pole, Bandpass Multiple Feedback Filters
Given the bandpass design parameters for Q, F, and pass band
gain A
O
, the design process is begun by picking a standard value
for C1. T hen C2
and resistors R1-R3
are selected as per the
relationships noted. T his filter is subject to a wide range of
component values by nature. Practical designs should attempt
to restrict resistances to a 1 k
to 1 M
range, with capacitor
values of 1
μ
F or less. When needed, dc bias current compensa-
tion is provided by Z
b
, where R is equal to R3.
2–Way Loudspeaker Crossover Networks
Active filters are useful in loudspeaker crossover networks for
reasons of small size, relative freedom from parasitic effects, and
the ease of controlling low/high channel drive, plus the con-
trolled driver damping provided by a dedicated amplifier. Both
Sallen-K ey (SK ) VCVS and multiple-feedback (MFB) filter
architectures are useful in implementing active crossover net-
works (see Reference 4), and the circuit shown in Figure 39 is
a 2-way active crossover which combines the advantages of both
filter topologies. T his active crossover exhibits less than 0.01%
T HD+N at output levels of 1 V rms using general purpose unity