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LT1991
18
1991fb
Figure 12. Another Method of Selecting Difference Gain Is “Cross-Coupling.”
The Additional Method Means the LT1991 Provides All Integer Gains from 1 to 13
Figure 13. Integer Gain Difference
Amplifiers Using Cross-Coupling
Difference Amplifier: Additional Integer Gains Using
Cross-Coupling
Figure 12 shows the basic difference amplifier as well as
the LT1991 in a difference gain of 3. But notice the effect
of the additional dashed connections. This is referred to as
“cross-coupling” and has the effect of reducing the differ-
ential gain from 3 to 2. Using this method, additional
integer gains are achievable, as shown in Table 5 below, so
that all integer gains from 1 to 13 are achieved with the
LT1991. Note that the equations can be written by inspec-
tion from the V
IN+
connections, and that the V
IN–
connec-
tions are simply the opposite (swap P for M and M for P).
Noise gain, bandwidth, and input impedance specifica-
tions for the various cases are also tabulated, as these are
not obvious. Schematics are provided in Figure 13.
Table 5. Connections Using Cross-Coupling. Note That Equations
Can Be Written by Inspection of the V
IN+
Column
Noise –3dB BW
R
IN+
Typ k
Typ k
281
97
122
121
248
242
R
IN–
Gain
2
5
6*
7
8
11 P9, P3, M1 M9, M3, P1 9 + 3 – 1
V
IN+
P3, M1
P9, M3, M1 M9, P3, P1 9 – 3 – 1
P9, M3
M9, P3
P9, P1, M3 M9, M1, P3 9 + 1 – 3
P9, M1
M9, P1
V
IN–
M3, P1
Equation Gain
3 – 1
kHz
70
32
35
32
38
32
5
141
49
49
44
50
37
14
13
14
11
14
9 – 3
9 – 1
*Gain of 6 is better implemented as shown previously, but is included here for completeness.
APPLICATIOU
W
U
U
–
+
R
F
R
G
R
G
V
IN
+
V
IN
+
V
IN
–
V
IN
–
V
OUT
V
OUT
V
= GAIN (V
IN
+
– V
IN
–
)
GAIN = R
F
/R
G
–
+
1991 F10
50k
150k
450k
50k
150k
450k
450k
450k
8
6
5
9
10
1
2
3
LT1991
CLASSICAL DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER
CLASSICAL DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER IMPLEMENTED
WITH LT1991. R
F
= 450k, R
G
= 150k, GAIN = 3.
GAIN CAN BE ADJUSTED BY "CROSS COUPLING." MAKING THE
DASHED CONNECTIONS REDUCE THE GAIN FROM 3 T0 2.
WHEN CROSS COUPLING, SEE WHAT IS CONNECTED TO THE
V
VOLTAGE. CONNECTING P3 AND M1 GIVES +3 –1 = 2.
CONNECTIONS TO V
IN
–
ARE SYMMETRIC: M3 AND P1.
R
F
CROSS-
COUPLING
M9
M3
M1
P1
P3
P9
4pF
4pF
1991 F13
V
S–
V
S
+
V
S–
V
S
+
V
S–
V
S
+
V
S–
V
S
+
M9
M3
M1
P1
P3
P9
OUT
V
CC
V
OUT
V
EE
REF
LT1991
8
9
10
1
2
3
7
6
5
4
M9
M3
M1
P1
P3
P9
OUT
V
CC
V
OUT
V
EE
REF
LT1991
8
9
10
1
2
3
7
6
5
4
M9
M3
M1
P1
P3
P9
OUT
V
CC
V
OUT
V
EE
REF
LT1991
8
9
10
1
2
3
7
6
5
4
M9
M3
M1
P1
P3
P9
OUT
V
CC
V
OUT
V
EE
REF
LT1991
8
9
10
1
2
3
7
6
5
4
GAIN = 2
GAIN = 5
GAIN = 7
GAIN = 8
GAIN = 11
V
IN
+
V
IN
–
V
IN
+
V
IN
–
V
IN
+
V
IN
–
V
IN
+
V
IN
–
V
S–
V
S
+
M9
M3
M1
P1
P3
P9
OUT
V
CC
V
OUT
V
EE
REF
LT1991
8
9
10
1
2
3
7
6
5
4
V
IN
+
V
IN
–