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ELECTRONIC SHUTTER
trate, pins L1 and L5, determines
the charge capacity of the photodiodes. When VSUB is 8
ill be at their maximum charge
apacity. Increasing VSUB above 8 volts decreases the
charge capacity of the photodiodes until 30 volts when
UB, with a peak amplitude
reater than 30 volts, empties all photodiodes and
electronic shuttering action.
ntiblooming
the VSUB voltage is set such that the
bright spot is
apacity is
greater than the photodiode capacity. There are cases
where an extremely bright spot will still cause blooming
in the VCCD. Normally, when the photodiode is full, any
additional electrons generated by photons will spill out of
the photodiode. The excess electrons are drained
harmlessly out to the substrate. There is a maximum
rate at which the electrons can be drained to the
substrate.
If that maximum rate is exceeded, (say, for example, by a
very bright light source) then it is possible for the total
amount of charge in the photodiode to exceed the VCCD
capacity. This results in blooming.
The amount of antiblooming protection also decreases
when the integration time is decreased.
ompromise between photodiode dynamic
SUB) and the amount of
and minimum (or no)
ntibloo ing protection. A high VSUB voltage provides
and maximum antiblooming
setting of VSUB is written on the
INT is
desired, then the substrate voltage of the sensor is
pulsed to at least 30 volts TINT seconds before the
photodiode to VCCD transfer pulse on φV2B. The large
substrate voltage pulse is generated by the KAI-1020.
The electronic shutter is triggered by a 5 volt pulse on
φSH. Use of the electronic shutter does not have to wait
until the previously acquired image has been completely
read out of the VCCD. The electronic shutter pulse may
be added to the end of the horizontal line timing and just
after the last pixel has been read out of the HCCD. φH1S
and φH2S must be clocked during the electronic shutter
pulse.
Substrate Voltage
The voltage on the subs
volts the photodiodes w
c
the photodiodes have a charge capacity of zero electrons.
Therefore, a short pulse on VS
g
provides the
Substrate Voltage and A
It may appear the optimal substrate voltage setting is 8
volts to obtain the maximum charge capacity and
dynamic range. While setting VSUB to 8 volts will provide
the maximum dynamic range, it will also provide the
minimum antiblooming protection.
The KAI-1020 VCCD has a charge capacity of 60,000
electrons (60 ke). If
photodiode holds more than 60 ke, then when the charge
is transferred from a full photodiode to VCCD, the VCCD
will overflow. This overflow condition manifests itself in
the image by making bright spots appear elongated in
the vertical direction. The size increase of a
called blooming when the spot doubles in size.
The blooming can be eliminated by increasing the
voltage on VSUB to lower the charge capacity of the
photodiode. This ensures the VCCD charge c
There is a c
range (controlled by V
antiblooming protection. A low VSUB voltage provides the
maximum dynamic range
a
m
lower dynamic range
protection. The optimal
container in which each KAI-1020 is shipped. The given
VSUB voltage for each sensor is selected to provide
antiblooming protection for bright spots at least 100
times saturation, while maintaining at least 500 mV of
dynamic range.
A detailed discussion of antiblooming and smear may be
found in IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices vol. 39
no. 11, pg. 2508.
Electronic Shutter Timing
The electronic shutter provides a method of precisely
controlling the image exposure time without any
mechanical components. If an integration time of T
Eastman Kodak Company, 2007
www.kodak.com/go/imagers
Revision 5.0 MTD/PS-0205 p32