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AN168
8
APPENDIX 1 (NOTATION)
Description of symbols used.
θ
out
(s)
= VCO output phase
θ
in
(s)
= Reference oscillator phase
ω
out
(s)
= VCO output frequency
ω
in
(s)
= Reference oscillator frequency
K
O
= VCO gain in rads/sec/volt
K
d
= Phase detector gain =2
M
= Reference divider ratio
P
= Prescaler divider ratio
N
= Programmable divider ratio
ω
Ο
ζ
= Natural frequency of 2nd order system in rads/sec
= Damping factor of 2nd order system
S
= Laplace frequency variable
S
= S/
ω
O
= Normalised laplace frequency variable
ω
=
ω
/
ω
O
= Normalised frequency
APPENDIX 2 (SYSTEM EQUATIONS)
System Transfer Characteristics (See Figure 9)
G (s) =
θ
out
(s) =
ω
out
(s) = K
O
K
d
(s) / Ms
θ
in
(s)
ω
in
(s) 1 + K
O
K
d
(s) / PNs
Open Loop Gain
G
OL
(s) = K
o
K
d
F (s) / PNs
USE OF VARACTOR LINE DISABLE (OS BIT) IN
TUNER ALIGNMENT
In tuner manufacture, many of the wound components
must be aligned to give the desired tilt factors, filter matching
and correcting range for local oscillators and IF output.
This is a time-consuming process and is usually carried out
by tuning the synthesiser to a number of different channels and
aligning to these points (shown
G
on Fig.17).
Each time a new channel is selected, data must first be
written to the synthesiser. In this example, 6 sets of data must
be sent from the micro to the synthesiser.
However, if the varactor line disable bit OS is used, the
varactor line voltage can be externally controlled. This allows
the selected channels to be tuned without the use of a micro to
address and program the device.
The varactor line disable facility is available on all Mitel I
2
C
bus synthesisers and also on I
2
C bus compatible 3-wire
synthesisers such as the SP5024 and SP5054. With the latter
devices, the varactor drive is disabled by applying a negative
voltage to the ENABLE pin (pin 10) and sourcing greater than
350μA from the device. using this method of tuning can result
in appreciable saving of test time.
38.9MHz
Fig.16 Alignment of IF output
Fig.17 Varactor tuning curve
VARACTOR VOLTAGE
C
CHARGE
PUMP
1
2
3
18
17
16
OS
EXTERNAL
ALIGNMENT
VOLTAGE
1
30V
Fig.18 Application of external tuning voltage