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| 型號(hào)： | PIC18LF4450T-I/PT |
| 廠商： | Microchip Technology |
| 文件頁(yè)數(shù)： | 159/241頁(yè) |
| 文件大?。?/td> | 0K |
| 描述： | IC PIC MCU FLASH 8KX16 44TQFP |
| 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包裝： | 1,200 |
| 系列： | PIC® 18F |
| 核心處理器： | PIC |
| 芯體尺寸： | 8-位 |
| 速度： | 48MHz |
| 連通性： | UART/USART，USB |
| 外圍設(shè)備： | 欠壓檢測(cè)/復(fù)位，HLVD，POR，PWM，WDT |
| 輸入/輸出數(shù)： | 34 |
| 程序存儲(chǔ)器容量： | 16KB（8K x 16） |
| 程序存儲(chǔ)器類型： | 閃存 |
| RAM 容量： | 768 x 8 |
| 電壓 - 電源 (Vcc/Vdd)： | 2 V ~ 5.5 V |
| 數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換器： | A/D 13x10b |
| 振蕩器型： | 內(nèi)部 |
| 工作溫度： | -40°C ~ 85°C |
| 封裝/外殼： | 44-TQFP |
| 包裝： | 帶卷 (TR) |
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241
XMEGA A [MANUAL]
8077I–AVR–11/2012
The recommendations for the maximum receiver baud rate error assume that the receiver and transmitter equally divide
the maximum total error.
21.9
Fractional Baud Rate Generation
Fractional baud rate generation is possible for asynchronous operation due to the relatively high number of clock cycles
for each frame. Each bit is sampled sixteen times, but only the three middle samples are of importance. The total number
of samples for one frame is also relatively high. Given a 1-start, 8-data, no-parity, and 1-stop-bit frame format, and
assuming that normal speed mode is used, the total number of samples for a frame is (1+8+1)×16 or 160. As stated
earlier, the UART can tolerate some variation in clock cycles for each sample. The critical factor is the time from the
falling edge of the start bit (i.e., the clock synchronization) until the last bit's (i.e., the first stop bit’s) value is recovered.
Standard baud rate generators have the unwanted property of having large frequency steps between high baud rate
settings. The worst case is found between the BSEL values 0x000 and 0x001. Going from a BSEL value of 0x000, which
has a 10-bit frame of 160 clock cycles, to a BSEL value of 0x001, with 320 clock cycles, gives a 50% change in
frequency. Ideally, the step size should be small even between the fastest baud rates. This is where the advantage of the
fractional baud rate generator emerges.
In principle, the fractional baud rate generator works by doing uneven counting and then distributing the error evenly over
the entire frame. A typical count sequence for an ordinary baud rate generator is:
2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, …
which has an even period time. A baud rate clock ticks each time the counter reaches zero, and a sample of the signal
received on RxD is taken for every 16th baud rate clock tick.
For the fractional baud rate generator, the count sequence can have an uneven period:
2, 1, 0, 2, 1-1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 1-1, 0, ...
In this example, an extra cycle is added to every second baud clock. This gives a baud rate clock tick jitter, but the
average period has been increased by a fraction of 0.5 clock cycles.
Figure 21-9 on page 242 shows an example of how BSEL and BSCALE can be used to achieve baud rates in between
what is possible by just changing BSEL.
The impact of fractional baud rate generation is that the step size between baud rate settings has been reduced. Given a
scale factor of -1, the worst-case step then becomes from 160 to 240 clock cycles per 10-bit frame, compared to the
previous step of from 160 to 320. A higher negative scale factor gives even finer granularity. There is a limit however, to
how high the scale factor can be. The value 2|BSCALE| must be at most half the minimum number of clock cycles of a
frame. For instance, for 10-bit frames, the minimum number of clock cycles is 160. This means that the highest
applicable scale factor is -6 (2I-6I = 64 < (160/2) = 80).
For higher BSEL settings, the scale factor can be increased.
Table 21-5 on page 242 shows BSEL and BSCALE settings when using the internal oscillators to generate the most
commonly used baud rates for asynchronous operation and how reducing the BSCALE can be used to reduce the baud
rate error even further.
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| PIC18LF4455_-I/PT | 制造商:Microchip Technology Inc 功能描述:MCCPIC18LF4455_-I/PT IC PIC MCU FLASH 12 |
| PIC18LF4455-I/ML | 功能描述:8位微控制器 -MCU 24kBF 2048RM FSUSB2 RoHS:否 制造商:Silicon Labs 核心:8051 處理器系列:C8051F39x 數(shù)據(jù)總線寬度:8 bit 最大時(shí)鐘頻率:50 MHz 程序存儲(chǔ)器大小:16 KB 數(shù)據(jù) RAM 大小:1 KB 片上 ADC:Yes 工作電源電壓:1.8 V to 3.6 V 工作溫度范圍:- 40 C to + 105 C 封裝 / 箱體:QFN-20 安裝風(fēng)格:SMD/SMT |
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