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  • 參數(shù)資料
    型號(hào): MPF6660RL
    廠商: ON SEMICONDUCTOR
    元件分類: 小信號(hào)晶體管
    英文描述: 2000 mA, 60 V, N-CHANNEL, Si, SMALL SIGNAL, MOSFET, TO-92
    封裝: PLASTIC, TO-226AE, 3 PIN
    文件頁(yè)數(shù): 25/34頁(yè)
    文件大?。?/td> 319K
    代理商: MPF6660RL
    9–19
    Reliability and Quality Assurance
    Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
    147
    148
    149
    150
    151
    152
    153
    154
    1
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    5
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    39 40
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    75
    0
    1
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    6
    7
    UCL = 152.8
    = 150.4
    LCL = 148.0
    UCL = 7.3
    = 3.2
    LCL = 0
    X
    R
    Figure 4. Example of Process Control Chart Showing Oven Temperature Data
    Where D4, D3, and A2 are constants varying by sample size,
    with values for sample sizes from 2 to 10 shown in the
    following partial table:
    n234
    56789
    10
    D4
    3.27
    2.57
    2.28
    2.11
    2.00
    1.92
    1.86
    1.82
    1.78
    D3
    *
    0.08
    0.14
    0.18
    0.22
    A2
    1.88
    1.02
    0.73
    0.58
    0.48
    0.42
    0.37
    0.34
    0.31
    *For sample sizes below 7, the LCLR would technically be a negative number;
    in those cases there is no lower control limit; this means that for a subgroup size
    6, six ‘‘identical’’ measurements would not be unreasonable.
    Control charts are used to monitor the variability of critical
    process parameters. The R chart shows basic problems with
    piece to piece variability related to the process. The X chart can
    often identify changes in people, machines, methods, etc. The
    source of the variability can be difficult to find and may require
    experimental design techniques to identify assignable causes.
    Some general rules have been established to help determine
    when a process is OUT–OF–CONTROL. Figure 5 shows a
    control chart subdivided into zones A, B, and C corresponding
    to 3 sigma, 2 sigma, and 1 sigma limits respectively. In Figures
    6 through 9 four of the tests that can be used to identify
    excessive variability and the presence of assignable causes
    are shown. As familiarity with a given process increases, more
    subtle tests may be employed successfully.
    Once the variability is identified, the cause of the variability
    must be determined. Normally, only a few factors have a
    significant impact on the total variability of the process. The
    importance of correctly identifying these factors is stressed in
    the following example. Suppose a process variability depends
    on the variance of five factors A, B, C, D, and E. Each has a
    variance of 5, 3, 2, 1, and 0.4, respectively.
    Since:
    σ tot =
    σ A2 + σ B2 + σ C2 + σ D2 + σ E2
    σ tot =
    52 + 32 + 22 + 12 +(0.4)2 = 6.3
    If only D is identified and eliminated, then:
    σ tot =
    52 + 32 + 22 + (0.4)2 = 6.2
    This results in less than 2% total variability improvement. If
    B, C, and D were eliminated, then:
    σ tot =
    52 + (0.4)2 = 5.02
    This gives a considerably better improvement of 23%. If
    only A is identified and reduced from 5 to 2, then:
    σ tot =
    22 + 32 + 22 + 12 + (0.4)2 = 4.3
    Identifying and improving the variability from 5 to 2 yields a
    total variability improvement of nearly 40%.
    Most techniques may be employed to identify the primary
    assignable cause(s). Out–of–control conditions may be
    correlated to documented process changes. The product may
    be analyzed in detail using best versus worst part comparisons
    or Product Analysis Lab equipment. Multi–variance analysis
    can be used to determine the family of variation (positional,
    critical, or temporal). Lastly, experiments may be run to test
    theoretical or factorial analysis. Whatever method is used,
    assignable causes must be identified and eliminated in the
    most expeditious manner possible.
    After assignable causes have been eliminated, new control
    limits are calculated to provide a more challenging variablility
    criteria for the process. As yields and variability improve, it may
    become more difficult to detect improvements because they
    become much smaller. When all assignable causes have been
    eliminated and the points remain within control limits for 25
    groups, the process is said to in a state of control.
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