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12
LT1763 Series
APPLICATIO
S I
N
FOR
ATIO
U
be proportional to the ratio of the desired output voltage to
1.22V: V
OUT
/1.22V. For example, load regulation for an
output current change of 1mA to 500mA is –2mV typical
at V
OUT
= 1.22V. At V
OUT
= 12V, load regulation is:
(12V/1.22V)(–2mV) = –19.6mV
W
U
Bypass Capacitance and Low Noise Performance
The LT1763 regulators may be used with the addition of a
bypass capacitor from V
OUT
to the BYP pin to lower output
voltage noise. A good quality low leakage capacitor is
recommended. This capacitor will bypass the reference of
the regulator, providing a low frequency noise pole. The
noise pole provided by this bypass capacitor will lower the
output voltage noise to as low as 20
μ
V
RMS
with the
addition of a 0.01
μ
F bypass capacitor. Using a bypass
capacitor has the added benefit of improving transient
response. With no bypass capacitor and a 10
μ
F output
capacitor, a 10mA to 500mA load step will settle to within
1% of its final value in less than 100
μ
s. With the addition
of a 0.01
μ
F bypass capacitor, the output will settle to
within 1% for a 10mA to 500mA load step in less than
10
μ
s, with total output voltage deviation of less than 2.5%
(see LT1763-5 Transient Response in the Typical Perfor-
mance Characteristics). However, regulator start-up time
is inversely proportional to the size of the bypass capaci-
tor, slowing to 15ms with a 0.01
μ
F bypass capacitor and
10
μ
F output capacitor.
Output Capacitance and Transient Response
The LT1763 regulators are designed to be stable with a
wide range of output capacitors. The ESR of the output
capacitor affects stability, most notably with small capaci-
tors. A minimum output capacitor of 3.3
μ
F with an ESR of
3
or less is recommended to prevent oscillations. The
LT1763-X is a micropower device and output transient
response will be a function of output capacitance. Larger
values of output capacitance decrease the peak deviations
and provide improved transient response for larger load
current changes. Bypass capacitors, used to decouple
individual components powered by the LT1763-X, will
increase the effective output capacitor value. With larger
capacitors used to bypass the reference (for low noise
operation), larger values of output capacitors are needed.
Figure 3. Stability
OUTPUT CAPACITANCE (
μ
F)
1
E
)
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
3
10
1763 F03
2
4
5
6 7 8 9
STABLE REGION
C
BYP
= 330pF
C
BYP
≥
1000pF
C
BYP
= 100pF
C
BYP
= 0
For 100pF of bypass capacitance, 4.7
μ
F of output capaci-
tor is recommended. With a 1000pF bypass capacitor or
larger, a 6.8
μ
F output capacitor is recommended.
The shaded region of Figure 3 defines the range over which
the LT1763 regulators are stable. The minimum ESR
needed is defined by the amount of bypass capacitance
used, while the maximum ESR is 3
.
Extra consideration must be given to the use of ceramic
capacitors. Ceramic capacitors are manufactured with a
variety of dielectrics, each with different behavior across
temperature and applied voltage. The most common
dielectrics used are Z5U, Y5V, X5R and X7R. The Z5U and
Y5V dielectrics are good for providing high capacitances
in a small package, but exhibit strong voltage and tem-
perature coefficients as shown in Figures 4 and 5. When
used with a 5V regulator, a 10
μ
F Y5V capacitor can exhibit
an effective value as low as 1
μ
F to 2
μ
F over the operating
temperature range. The X5R and X7R dielectrics result in
more stable characteristics and are more suitable for use
as the output capacitor. The X7R type has better stability
across temperature, while the X5R is less expensive and
is available in higher values.
Voltage and temperature coefficients are not the only
sources of problems. Some ceramic capacitors have a
piezoelectric response. A piezoelectric device generates
voltage across its terminals due to mechanical stress,
similar to the way a piezoelectric accelerometer or micro-
phone works. For a ceramic capacitor the stress can be